Develop risk assessments methodologies, which consider cultural factors, the manner in which people cognitively process information and which employ a gender perspective

• Females, individuals who are less educated and/or who have a lower income have stronger perceptions of nuclear risk

• Perceived human interference with nature increases levels of perceived risk

• Disaster events lower levels of optimism but after a period of time, perceptions of risk decrease

• The severity of risk consequences influences perceived risk of future disasters

• Perceptions of safety measures, linked to both national development level and cultural factors

• Long-term disaster effects in the perception of threats

• Human perception assesses risk differently to other threat measures in place

• Risk management is information management which considers the relationship between knowledge and the lack thereof

• Individuals' definitions of ”risk”

• Global risks are often exogenous and caused by decisions made in core states and areas that influences the periphery of a world-system

• The greatest challenge in risk societies is the maintenance of ontological security

• Collective societies and common values are responsible for collective representations of risk

• The evolution of the culture of risk linked to an uncertain future

• Citizens' assessment of risk as determined by dominant discourses and broader social, cultural and historical forces

• The more serious the hazard, the higher the level of perceived risk and the greater the degree of public concern

• Hyperbolic discounting - the tendency to discount future gains in favour of more immediate rewards

• The difference in perceptions of risk between experts and non-experts is merely quantitative not qualitative

• Personal involvement increases citizens' willingness to engage in activities aimed at preserving personal safety

• Personal experience guides behaviour more than received information

• Experience with violent life events influences future perception of risk

• Prior negative experiences influence perceptions of future risks depending on the severity of personal consequences of the former

• When powerlessness is negatively associated with mitigation intentions, victims become reluctant to engage in risk mitigation activities

• The effect and origin of gender differences in perception of risk

• The effect of race and ethnicity on perception of risk

• Higher levels of perceived risk amongst older, less educated or lower-income individuals

• Optimism bias: the tendency to overestimate the probability of positive events and underestimate that of negative ones

• Illusion of control: the tendency to overestimate the amount control they have over events

• Availability bias: recalling particular examples In judging the frequency of events

• The representativeness bias: the tendency to judge events as more likely to happen because they look representative for the group they belong to

• The narrative bias: information obtained from others' personal experiences influences risk behaviour more than that presented as a formal description

• The anchoring-and-adjustment bias: adjusting subsequent information in accordance with a so-called anchor

• The affect heuristic: the role of the affective states in risk perception

• Likeability of a stimulus/event lowers perceptions of risk linked to it

• The effect of immediate emotions on perceived risk

• The most important cross-cultural factors influencing perceived seriousness (or magnitude) of risks

• The impact and consequences of man-made disasters as compared to natural hazards

• Many people believe that the frequency and severity of natural hazards are increased by human action

• Events that provoke positive affect are perceived as more beneficial and safe, while events that are followed by negative affect are perceived as more risky

• Perceptions of human control over nature/events can be categorised within one of two belief system types: instrumental and ideational

• People perceive human interference with nature as negative, regardless of its purpose

• Natural and man-made hazards are perceived differently and elicit different types of emotions

• Man-made hazards provoke higher levels of concern compared to natural hazards

• The comparison between natural and man-made disasters according to three important factors influencing risk perception

• Differences between natural and technological disasters in terms of suddenness, power, destructiveness, predictability and low point of the event

• Floods are perceived to have predominantly financial consequences while landslides are viewed as life threating events

• Risk society refers to an institutional, rules oriented and hierarchical order (values), while risk cultures highlight an indeterminate disorder (norms)

• Risk cultures emerge within risk societies

• Influential and powerful social actors influence levels of perceived risk in situations of real danger

• Risks and danger as part of the social (dis)organization

• Risk cultures as reflexive communities constructed in the context of the institutional uncertainty of risk

• Independence and interdependence are culturally interrelated in risk event assessment

• The ways in which people are used to dealing with risk in everyday life is based on societal values (culture)

• Risk perception amongst individuals with to hierarchical orientations

• Disaster risk reduction analysed in conjunction with the priorities of people, the needs of people at risk and cultural perspectives

• The perception of risk is influenced by certain values, beliefs and types of knowledge

• People's perception and understanding of risk is in accordance with their way of life

• Risk behaviour is to a large extent socially and culturally learnt, but not determined

• Higher levels of perceived risk can be expected in individuals with minority status

• Risk perception includes individual beliefs and thoughts

• People tend to estimate general risks to be larger than personal ones

• Human typologies and differences in perceived danger to the individual

• Concepts of disasters and risk cultures are often linked to cultural geographies

• For natural hazards linked to geographical location, risk perception tends to decrease as distance from the risk source increases

• Comparison of risk perception levels and its correlates among communities affected by natural disasters

• Perception of risk is different across countries

• In some places, religious explanations for natural disasters are taken into account (Egypt), while in others scientific explanations are predominant (UK)

• Fatalistic explanation of natural hazards are predominant may be a major obstacle to risk prevention in some Muslim countries

• In post-communist member states, the risk of flooding tends to be perceived only during extreme events

• Central-Eastern European countries place more attention on financial risk reduction measures and disaster mitigation than on prevention measure

• Lower levels of education and income for vulnerable groups affect perceptions of personal control over public issues

• Cross-national differences in levels of optimism bias

• The perception of authorities as more trustworthy is a predictor of lower levels of perceived nuclear risk

• Values and beliefs, as well as the trust in authorities influence perceived nuclear risk and attitudes toward nuclear power.

• Education is a significant predictor of risk perception and attitudes towards those phenomena

• Disasters have a deep impact on public views, including an impact on basic beliefs and values

• Living in risk areas highlights higher levels of risk acceptance

• Limited transparency of Chinese government in various social contexts may affect the level of perceived nuclear risk

• White man effect in risk perception

• Gender differences in perceived risk from different hazard types

• Gender differences in perceived nuclear risk

• Effects of the economic context on perceptions of benefits and dangers related to different economic risks is significant

• Cultural differences in perceived risk of terrorism

• Higher perceived power and control linked with the leadership position of the US in the world linked to high levels of optimism bias with regards perceived risk of terrorism

• Values guide individuals to satisfy universal requirements and understand threats

• Turkish and Israeli women show more negative emotions with regards to perceived risks of terrorist attacks than men in the same countries

• Institutional preparedness raises levels of citizen concern

• Demographic and cultural characteristics contribute to the social constructions of risks

• Experiences of people who have lived in the Gaza region for a longer time influence perceptions of risk which are relatively higher amongst this category than among those recently settled in the area

• Lower perceived risk of terrorism amongst men linked to a motivation to stay on their land under any circumstances

• Education and income levels influence the levels of fear

• Understanding of risks and the necessity of taking preventive measures by people living in risk areas

• Link between religious beliefs and risk perception

• Link between religious beliefs and the "illusion of control"

• Negative emotions correlate with preparedness behaviour

• Emotional triggers and future risk related behaviours

• Emotional triggers linked to perceived costs and benefits of adopting particular behaviours

• Lessening impact of a disaster over time

• The "fate" factor in disaster perception

• Citizen perceptions of natural vs man-made causes of disasters

• Perceived impact of a disaster linked to degree of perceived risk

• Strong emotional reactions amongst research participants to the topic of terrorism

• Levels of risk perception amongst citizens in Rome

• Perception of risk in relation unrelated with previous experience

• "Denial of risk" present amongst certain social groups

• Differences in risk-awareness in young vs elderly citizens

• Citizen perception of risk linked to their knowledge of the area

• Citizen perception of risk linked to perceived frequency of disaster occurrences

• The influence of individual wealth on disaster recovery

• Differences in behaviour amongst different ethnic groups in a disaster is more likely to be linked to a lack of local knowledge rather than to cultural factors

• Gender differences linked to culture and disaster responses

• The challenge of considering cultural factors in the immediate response to a disaster

• Cultural factors to be taken into account when planning for disaster risk reduction

• Considerations concerning religious and cultural rituals and practices

• General factors regarding the disaster prevention stage

• Culture as a barrier in disaster management

• The concept of cultural rationality in disaster communication

• The need of organisational cultures to change

• Fatalism as a risk factor

• Fatalism as a mechanism when experiencing limited resources and support

• The potential risk of belief systems of the government and local decision-makers

• The need of objective risk assessments that take in to consideration all group of the population

• Challenging risk perceptions and reducing vulnerabilities as a CBDM approach

• The role of cultural factors in assessing risk

• "Familiar risks" are more easily accepted than "new and unfamiliar risks"

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